experts of Psycoanalysis

Expert of Discourse Analysis

Hi, nice blogger. How’s life?  hopefully you get always healthy and bless God. Keep reading my blogging....

Well everybody, before I explain to you about expert in DA, did you know what is Discourse Analysis?

Discourse Analysis is the branch of linguistic that study to discuss about phenomena in society, environtment, in around us. In this case, we have to analyze something to know more specific about it. In discourse analysis so many branch, and many expert too. In this moment I wanna explain to you the branch of DA is Psychoanalisis.

Psychoanalisis is the branch of DA to knowing mind someone. Not just lie detector, but sexuality, psycho theraphy for child until adults. On based my opinion the famous experts in Psychoanalysis is Sigmund Freud. Well guys, I will tell you more specific about him.

Sigmund Freud introduced as father psychoanalysis. No spesific story how can he called as father of psychoanalysis. He is founder of psychoanalysis theory in Discourse Analysis that use lie detector. He was born on 6, May 1856 in Freiberg of Czech Republic. His method through that analyzed unpacks unconscious conflict based on free associations, dreams, sexuality, fantasy of the patient.

     The story of Sigmund Freud when he was 4 old, he moved to vienna and still leave in there. He got his medical degree at 1881 years, after he graduated,  he practice and try disorder psychologist patient. He study about journey of psychological human.

And when 1895, he publiced the first book with his partner, josef Braurer. Tha name book is Studies In hysteria. After that, he often join with Josef to continued his research. The next name books is “The Interpretation of Dreams at 1900’s, The psycopathology of everyday life in 1905’s, and so many other books that have publiced. He died in England on 23 September 1939 when he was 83 old.

‘Psychoanalysis’ & Rise To Fame

·         In October 1885, he travelled to Paris on a fellowship to study with Jean-Martin Charcot, a prominent neurologist. He was inspired by his practice of medical psychopathology, which made him realize that neurology was not to his taste and that he was made for something bigger and more exciting.

·         He started his private practice in 1886 and adopted the use of ‘hypnosis’ for his clinical work, inspired by his friend and collaborator, Josef Breuer. The treatment of one particular patient, ‘Anna O’, proved to be transformative to Freud’s clinical career.

·         He inferred that a patient could be cured of psychological problems while being engaged in an uninhibited discourse about his/her traumatic experiences in a hypnotized state, the practice which he later called ‘free association’.

Read More

Psychoanalisis

Experts of Psychoanalisis

1.      Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud was a late 19th and early 20th century neurologist. He is widely acknowledged as the father of modern psychology and the primary developer of the process of psychoanalysis. 

Early Life

Sigmund Freud was born in Freiberg, Moravia in 1856, the oldest of eight children. His family moved to Vienna when Freud was four years old. He studied at a preparatory school in Leopoldstadt where he excelled in Greek, Latin, history, math, and science. His academic superiority gained him entry into the University of Vienna at the age of seventeen. Upon completion, he went on to pursue his medical degree and PhD in neurology.

Freud married Martha Bernays in 1886, and the couple had six children. The youngest of Freud's children, Anna Freud, became an influential psychologist and ardent defender of her father's theories. 

Contribution to Psychology

Freud drew heavily upon the emphasis of philosophers such as Nietzsche, Dostoevsky, and Kant. Freud’s theories continue to influence much of modern psychology, and his ideas also resonate throughout philosophy, sociology, and political science, with thinkers such as Jacques Lacan and Karl Marx drawing heavily upon Freudian theories. Freud's emphasis upon early life and the drive to pleasure are perhaps his most significant contributions to psychology. Even contemporary psychologists who disavow Freud's theories often take an interest in a client's early life and the relationship between child and parent. Some of Freud's most significant theories include:

·         The development of the unconscious and conscious minds. Freud argued that the mind consists of the conscious mind, which contains the thoughts and beliefs of which we are aware. The unconscious mind, by contrast, is a repository for repressed memories and unexpressed desires, and problems with the unconscious mind can lead to problems with behavior and emotional regulation. 

·         The structural model of personality. Drawing upon his theory of the unconscious mind, Freud developed the concepts of the id, ego, and superego. The ego is the everyday personality that we present to the world, but represents only a fraction of a person's true self. The superego, by contrast, serves as a sort of conscience and internalizes moral, social, and cultural norms. The id is a pleasure-seeking, primitive structure that is present at birth. It forms the foundation of a person's personality, and unconscious id desires can explain seemingly unexplainable behaviors. 

Later Life and Legacy

Freud developed cancer in 1923 and passed away sixteen years later. His ideas are still debated today, and his techniques and interpretations are widely accepted as the basis of modern psychoanalysis. Sigmund Freud is considered one of the most influential people in the history of psychology.

Books by Sigmund Freud

·         Studies on Hysteria (with Josef Breuer, 1895)

·         The Interpretation of Dreams (1899)

·         The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901)

·         Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905)

·         Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious (1905)

·         Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva (1907)

·         Totem and Taboo (1913)

·         On Narcissism (1914)

·         Introduction to Psychoanalysis (1917)

·         Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920)

·         The Ego and the Id (1923)

·         The Future of an Illusion (1927)

·         Civilization and Its Discontents (1930)

·         Moses and Monotheism (1939)

·         An Outline of Psycho-Analysis (1940)

·         The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess (1986)

·         The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (1999)

Read More

Branch of Discourse Analysis

The branch of Discourse Analysis

1.     Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud)

Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939).  Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious. Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. It is only having a cathartic (i.e. healing) experience can the person be helped and "cured".In psychoanalysis (therapy) Freud would have a patient lie on a couch to relax, and he would sit behind them taking notes while they told him about their dreams and childhood memories.  Psychoanalysis would be a lengthy process, involving many sessions with the psychoanalyst. Due to the nature of defense mechanisms and the inaccessibility of the deterministic forces operating in the unconscious, psychoanalysis in its classic form is a lengthy process often involving 2 to 5 sessions per week for several years.

The psychoanalyst uses various techniques as encouragement for the client to develop insights into their behavior and the meanings of symptoms, including ink blots, parapraxes, free association, interpretation (including dream analysis), resistance analysis and transference analysis.

---

1) Rorschach ink blots

Due to the nature of defense mechanisms and the inaccessibility of the deterministic forces operating in the unconscious, the ink blot itself doesn't mean anything, it's ambiguous (i.e. unclear). It is what you read into it that is important. Different people will see different things depending on what unconscious connections they make.The ink blot is known as a projective test as the patient 'projects' information from their unconscious mind to interpret the ink blot.

2) Freudian Slip

Unconscious thoughts and feelings can transfer to the conscious mind in the form of parapraxes, popularly known as Freudian slips or slips of the tongue. We reveal what is really on our mind by saying something we didn't mean to. For example, a nutritionist giving a lecture intended to say we should always demand the best in bread, but instead said bed. Another example is where a person may call a friend's new partner by the name of a previous one, whom we liked better. Freud believed that slips of the tongue provided an insight into the unconscious mind and that there were no accidents, every behavior (including slips of the tongue) was significant (i.e. all behavior is determined).

---

3) Free Association

A simple technique of psychodynamic therapy is free association in which a patient talks of whatever comes into their mind.  This technique involves a therapist reading a list of words (e.g. mother, childhood etc.) and the patient immediately responds with the first word that comes to mind.  It is hoped that fragments of repressed memories will emerge in the course of free association.

Sigmund Freud’s Biography

On May 6^th 1856 Sigmund Freud was born in Moravian Hamlet of Freiberg, which today is Pribor in the Czech Republic . His name would later be changed to Sigmund when he was twenty-two years old (Schultz, 2004).  Freud was born into a wealthy Jewish family.  He was the first born of six children and had two older brothers from Freud’s fathers previous marriage.Sigmund Freud was the first to use the term psychoanalysis in 1896.  From that point his theories blossomed.  Freud did not invent the terms unconscious, conscious, or conscience; however, he was pivotal in making them popular.  Freud accomplished this through his theory of psychological reality:  id, ego, and superego. Freud throughout his life presented many books that are still respected today.  In 1895, Freud along with his mentor Joseph Breuer, published Studies on Hysteria this book for Freud was the start into looking into psychoanalysis (Schultz, 2004).  In 1900, Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams which initially sold poorly but had a major impact on his popularity (Simon, 1999).  In it Freud included his concept of dream analysis, theory of the mind and other information about himself and the history of Vienna were he spent much of his life.  In 1901, Freud published another book called Psychopathology of Everyday Life in which he describes his idea of the “Freudian slip” and about forgetfulness (Schultz, 2004).  In 1905, Freud published Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality which were based on lectures that he presented.  Finally, one other important book was The Ego and the Id which was published in 1923 in which he introduced his structural theory and concepts of the id, ego, and superego. 

2.Semiotics (Charles W. Morris

Semiotics (also called semiotic studies; not to be confused with the Saussurean tradition called semiology which is a part of semiotics) is the study of meaning-making, the study of sign processes and meaningful communication.^[1] This includes the study of signs and sign processes (semiosis), indication, designation, likeness, analogy, allegory, metonymy, metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication.Semiotics is closely related to the field of linguistics, which, for its part, studies the structure and meaning of language more specifically. The semiotic tradition explores the study of signs and symbols as a significant part of communications. As different from linguistics, however, semiotics also studies non-linguistic sign systems.

Charles W. Morris followed Peirce in using the term "semiotic" and in extending the discipline beyond human communication to animal learning and use of signals. Semioticians classify signs or sign systems in relation to the way they are transmitted (see modality). This process of carrying meaning depends on the use of codes that may be the individual sounds or letters that humans use to form words, the body movements they make to show attitude or emotion, or even something as general as the clothes they wear. To coin a word to refer to a thing (see lexical words), the community must agree on a simple meaning (a denotative meaning) within their language, but that word can transmit that meaning only within the language's grammatical structures and codes (see syntax and semantics). Codes also represent the values of the culture, and are able to add new shades of connotation to every aspect of life. To explain the relationship between semiotics and communication studies, communication is defined as the process of transferring data and-or meaning from a source to a receiver. Hence, communication theorists construct models based on codes, media, and contexts to explain the biology, psychology, and mechanics involved. Both disciplines recognize that the technical process cannot be separated from the fact that the receiver must decode the data, i.e., be able to distinguish the data as salient, and make meaning out of it. This implies that there is a necessary overlap between semiotics and communication.

Biography’s Charles W. Morris

Charles William Morris (May 23, 1901 – January 15, 1979) was an American semiotician and philosopher. Morris briefly attended the University of Wisconsin, and later studied engineering and psychology at Northwestern University, where he graduated with a B.S. in 1922. That same year, he entered the University of Chicago where he became a doctoral student in philosophy under the direction of George Herbert Mead. Morris completed his dissertation on a symbolic theory of mind and received a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1925. Morris was an instructor of philosophy for six years from 1925 to 1931 at Rice University in Houston, Texas.^[1] After leaving Rice, he was associate professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago from 1931 to 1947. Morris became a lecturing professor at Chicago in 1948, occupying the position until 1958 when he received an offer for a special appointment as a Research Professor at the University of Florida, where he remained until his death.

Read More