Sabtu, 24 September 2016

Discourse Analysis

Hi readers, so long time I lose from my blog posted. I hope you always enthusiasm in learning, because learning endless in life, that’s right? I dont know, mengapa saya begitu puitis. But, I hope this poste useless for you. Thanks

1.      discourse analysis is one way to engage in a very important human task. The task is this: to think more deeply about the meanings we give people's words so as to make ourselves better, more humane people and the world a better, more humane place" (J. P. Gee, An Introduction to Discourse Analysis, 2005).  (blackred/Getty Images)
2.      Discourse is generally used to designate the forms of representation, codes, conventions and habits of language that produce specific fields of culturally and historically located meanings. 
3.      Simple definition of Discourse the use of words to exchange thoughts and ideas or a long talk or piece of writing about a subject.
4.      Discourse Definition foucault presents possibly the best definition of discourse. He says, “Systems of thoughts composed of ideas, attitudes, and courses of action, beliefs and practices that systematically construct the subjects and the worlds of which they speak.”

5.      Discourse analysis is sometimes defined as the analysis of language 'beyond the sentence'. This contrasts with types of analysis more typical of modern linguistics, which are chiefly concerned with the study of grammar: the study of smaller bits of language, such as sounds (phonetics and phonology), parts of words (morphology), meaning (semantics), and the order of words in sentences (syntax). Discourse analysts study larger chunks of language as they flow together.

6.      The definition of analysis is the process of breaking down a something into its parts to learn what they do and how they relate to one another.

7.      Discourse analysis, as an approach to studying psychological phenomena, developed out of the ‘turn to language’ in social psychology in the 1970s and 1980s and the emergence of social constructionism.
Source : Eugenie Georgaca & Evrinomy Avdi

8.      Discourse analysis is a broad and diverse field, including a variety of approaches to the study of language, which derive from different scientific disciplines and utilize various analytical practices
Source : (Wetherell, Taylor, & Yates, 2001ab).

9.      Discourse analysis (DA), or discourse studies, is a general term for a number of approaches to analyze written, vocal, or sign language use, or any significant semiotic event.The objects of discourse analysis (discourse, writing, conversation, communicative event) are variously defined in terms of coherent sequences of sentences, propositions, speech, or turns-at-talk.
10.  discourse analysis is defined as (a) concerned with language use beyond the boundaries of a sentence/utterance, (b) concerned with the interrelationships between language and society and (c) as concerned with the interactive or dialogic properties of everyday communication.
11.  Discourse is the creation and organization of the segments of a language above as well as below the sentence. It is segments of language which may be bigger or smaller than a single sentence but the adduced meaning is always beyond the sentence. The term discourse applies to both spoken and written language, in fact to any sample of language used for any purpose.

12.  Definition of discourse since its introduction to modern science the term ‚discourse’ has taken various, sometimes very broad, meanings. In order to specify which of the numerous senses is analyzed in the following dissertation it has to be defined. Originally the word ‚discourse’ comes from Latin ‚discursus‚ which denoted ‚conversation, speech’. Thus understood, however, discourse refers to too wide an area of human life, therefore only discourse from the vantage point of linguistics, and especially applied linguistics, is explained here.
13.  Discourse analysis involves the study of both text and context. (according to schiffrin)
Source : (Laura Alba-Juez, perspective on Discourse Analysis: Theory and practice, 2009:8)

14.  Discourse analysis is the study of how language is actually used and its effects on the speakers.
Source : (Lidia Tanaka, Gender, language, and Culture: A Study of Japanise Television
Interview Discourse, 2004:3)

15.  In this chapter we present Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe’s discourse theory (sometimes abbreviated to discourse theory). We draw mainly on their principal work, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy (1985), supplementing this with a number of texts that Laclau has written alone. Discourse theory aims at an understanding of the social as a discursive construction whereby, in principle, all social phenomena can be analysed using discourse analytical tools.
Source : Laclau and mouffe’s discourse analysis
16.  Discourse is generally used to designate the forms of representation, codes, conventions and habits of language that produce specific fields of culturally and historically located meanings. Michel Foucault's early writings ('The Order of Discourse', 1971; The Archaeology of Krlowledge, 1972) 

From above explanation,  the conclusion is discourse analysis can be interpreted as a way of understanding social interaction by analyzing the medium he uses, which is the language (Hetika Wulandari)


Minggu, 19 Juni 2016

Minggu, 12 Juni 2016

ESP Project

Analysis Syllabus Faculty of Computer Science in Lancang Kuning University

Submitted as One of Assignments of English Specific Purpose Course
Taught by Indah Muzdalifah,M.Pd







BY:
HETIKA WULANDARI
1488203083




ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF LANCANG KUNING
PEKANBARU
JUNE 2016


PREFACE
           
            First of all, I would like to say thanks to God because I can finish writing this paper submitted as one of assignments of English Spesific Purpose course. This paper is designed for the Students of  Teachers Training and Education Department at LancangKuning University and all readers. This paper covers some theories to understand the basic knowledge of using English for specific major.
            In writing this paper, I am sure that are some mistakes but I have to present as well as possible. I hope this paper is useful to help students to understand more about analyze syllabus.
            Finally, I am looking forward your critics and suggestion to make this paper will be perfect and useful for students who are studying English Specific Purpose course and all readers..

           



Pekanbaru, June 11th,2016
The Writer

                                                                                                                                                HetikaWulandari

TABLE OF CONTENT

page
PREFACE ………………………………………………………………………….. i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………….. ii
CHAPTER  I              :  Introduction ……………………………………………… 1
CHAPTER  II             : Content  ………………………………………………….. 2-6
CHAPTER  III           : Conclusion …………………………………………………7

REFERENCES




CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION


1.1  Background

ESP (English Specific Purpose) is centered on the language appropriate to the activities of a given discipline. ESP according to Hutchinson and Waters (1987:19), ESP is an approach to language teaching in which all decisions as to content and method are based on the learners reason for learning. In this connection, Dudley Evans (1998) explains that ESP may not always focus on the language for one specific discipline or  occupation, such as English for Computer science.
One of the fundamental questions for language teaching is what language is to be taught. In order to specify what language will be taught, items are typically listed and referred to as the syllabus. Graves (1996) discusses the language curriculum and syllabus. She describes the curriculum as a broad statement of the philosophy, purposes, design, and implementation of the entire language teaching program and th syllabus as a specification and ordering of content of a course.The education system in Indonesia, stipulates that English is the CourseGeneral (MKU), which is mandatory for students, so any subject captured everything will continue to learn English. A sticking question, whether the material taught English language is always the same when students learn in different departments? For example if English For Computer Science: An Analysis of the English Language RequirementOn Informatics Engineering Student Pro Business Journal Vol.  6No.1 February 2013 21.
Economics student of English study material is the same as the students of Information Engineering, Literature and others. Of course the answer is different, because the material and terms used in Economics and Informatics Engineering was different. The material is as it is known as ESP or English for Specific Purpose.Every English teacher or lecturer certainly very aware of the matter ESP. In this section the authors limit the discussion to the material ESP English for Computer Science. There are some difficulties experienced when lecturers for teaching ESP (English for Computer Science) to students, among others;

a). Most textbooks English for Computer Science published abroad, making it difficult to find a textbook local or domestic
b). Since most textbooks were from abroad, the level of difficulty (level of Difficulties)
Less material in accordance with the level of ability and needsstudents in Indonesia. Lecturers as curriculum developers should certainly play a role in the selection and development of teaching materials so that students are able to achieve the expected competencies


1.2  Problem Formulation
1.      What is syllabus?
2.      What purpose the syllabus?
3.      How to analyze syllabus?


1.3  Objective Problem
1.      To know what is syllabus
2.      To know the purpose syllabus
3.      To know how to analyze syllabus


























CHAPTER II
CONTENT



2.1 Definition of Syllabus

            The syllabus presented and evaluated in this essay has been newly designed for secondary state schools in the Swiss canton of Glarus. Until now, English as a foreign language has not been a compulsory subject and has been taughtonlyin the final year of secondary school, but from summer 2002 learners will attend a compulsory three years course in EFL in years 7 to 9 of their schooling. This fact results in a considerable amount of teachers needing to be trained in EFL to be able to start with the new courses to be based on this new syllabus next year. In the next section I shall provide an overview of syllabus definitions and explore the questionof what a syllabus is for. This will be followed by a section describing the EFL syllabus of the canton of Glarus as well as the overall curriculum it is part of. Subsequently, the EFL syllabus will be analyzed and evaluated on the basis of syllabus definitions previously introduced, and finally the syllabus will be discussed in relation to the overall curriculum in terms of compatibility and practicability

Approaching the task of evaluating a syllabus it is necessary to consider possible definitions of the term to provide a basic framework for evaluation. According to the Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics a syllabus can be defined as a description of the contents of a course of instruction and the order in which they are to be taught (Richards et al.1992, 368)

2.2 The Purpose of Syllabus

            Syllabus seem to vary in two fundamental areas-the apparent reason for writing the syllabus and the material that it contains. The purpose of the syllabus should drive the decision as to what content to include (Parkes& Harris, 2002). Three major purposes that a syllabus should serve are described by Parkes and Harris:
1.      Syllabus as a contract
Makes clear what the rules are sets forth what is expected to happen during the semester. Delineates the responsibilities of students and of the instructor. Describe appropriate procedures and course policies. Content required for a syllabus to serve as a contract.
2.      Syllabus as a permanent record
Serves accountability and documentation functions. Contains information useful for evaluation of instructors, courses, and programs. Document what was covered in a course, at what level, and for what kind of credit.
3.      Syllabus as a learning tool
Helps students become more effective learners in the course. Inform students of the instructor beliefs about teaching, learning, and the content area. Focuses on students and what they need to be effective learners.

2.3 Analyze Syllabus Faculty of Computer Science in Lancang Kuning University

RENCANA PROGRAM & KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN SEMESTER (RPKPS)
Nama Mata Kuliah   : BahasaInggris I
Kode Mata Kuliah    : -
Beban SKS                : 2 SKS
KompetensimataKuliah :Mahasiswa mampu menerapkan terminology dan fenomena Bahasa Inggris di program studi masing-masing.
MatriksPembelajaran: 
   (1)
Mingguke
(2)
Materi Pembelajaran
(3)
Bentuk Pembelajaran
(4)
Kemampuan akhir yang diharapkan
(5)
Kriteria Penilaian
(6)
Bobotnilai
1
-Introduction
-Expressions to introduce ourselves
-Ceramah dan diskusi materi kuliah
-Collaborative Learning
Setelah mempelajari  pokok Bahasan ini diharapkan mahasiswa dapat memperkenalkan diri mereka sendiri
Kemampuan mahasiswa dalam memperkenalkan diri dalam berbagai kesempatan
5%
2
Word Formation
Discovery Learning
Setelah mempelajari pokok bahasan ini diharapkan mahasiswa dapat berbagai hal terkait word formation: men,ion, al,ure,ly,etc
Kemampuan mahasiswa dalam memahami dan menerapkan materi
5%
3
Paralel Structure
Discovery learning dan Collaborative Learning
Setelah mempelajari pokok bahasan ini diharapkan mahasiswa dapat:
-Menjelaskan parallel structure
-Technical terms
Kemampuan mahasiswa dalam memahami isi bacaan dan membuat kalimat aktif dan pasif
10%
4
Country, Language and Nationality
Cooperative Learning
Setelah mempelajari pokok bahasan ini diharapkan mahasiswadapatmenjelaskan Country language dan nationality
KemampuanMahasiswamemahami Country, language dan Nationality
10%
5
Explaining Procedures
Discovery Learning
Setelah mempelajari pokok bahasan ini diharapkan mahasiswadapatmenjelaskan procedure in operating machines
Kemampuanmahasiswadalammenjelaskan procedures in several kinds of machines
10%
6
Practice Explaining Procedures
Collaborative learning
Setelah mempelajari pokokbahasaninidiharapkanmahasiswadapatmempraktekkandalammenjelaskan procedures in operating machines
Kemampuanmahasiswadalammempraktekkan procedures in operating machines
10%
7
Conjunction
Discovery Learning
Setelahmempelajaripokokbahasaninidiharapkanmahasiswadapatmenjelaskan conjunction
Kemampuanmahasiswadalammenerapkanfungsi conjunction
10%
8
The use of Too, So, Either, dan Neither
Collaborative Learning
Setelahmempelajaripokokbahasaninidiharapkanmahasiswadapatmenjelaskan The use of Too, So, Either, dan Neither
Kemampuanmahasiswadalammenjelaskandanmempraktekkan The use of Too, So, Either, dan Neither
5%
9
Mid-Test
Mid-Test
Mid-Test
Mid-Test
15%
10
Degree of Comparison
Collaborative learning
Setelahmempelajaripokokbahasaninidiharapkanmahasiswadapatmenjelaskan Degree of Comparison
Kemampuanmahasiswadalammemahamidanmenerapkan Degree of Comparison

11
Terminologies
Collaborative learning
Setelah mempelajari pokok bahasan ini diharapkan mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan berbagai terminology
Kemampuanmahasiswadalammenjelaskan terminology
5%
12
Terminologies
Collaborative learning
Setelah mempelajari pokok bahasan ini diharapkan mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan berbagai termin ology
Kemampuanmahasiswadalammenjelaskan terminology
5%
13
Passive Voice
Discovery Learning
Setelah mempelajari pokok bahasan ini diharapkan mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan Passive Voice
Kemampuanmahasiswadalammenjelaskan Passive Voice
5%
14
Conditional Sentences
Discovery Learning
Setelah  mempelajari pokok bahasan ini diharapkan mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan Conditional Sentences
Kemampuanmahasiswadalammenjelaskan Conditional Sentences
5%
15 
Text Discussion
Collaborative learning
Setelah  mempelajaripokok bahasan  ini diharapkan mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan Text Discussion
Kemampuanmahasiswadalammenjelaskan Text Discussion
5%
16
Semester Test
Semester Test
Semester Test
Semester Test
15%

            Based on my analysis, the Syllabus explained in the meeting week 5, 6, 11 and 12 that learning materials are in accordance with competency courses, but in the week other meeting, learning materials discussed English generally. From 16 meeting, there are 2 for mid and final test, 4 meeting learning materials accordance with competency courses, and 10 meeting learning materials discussedEnglish generally. This indicates that the learning materials discussed more general English than specific major and not accordance with the competency courses in Faculty Computer of Science.

So we can be seen from the table above,that it is clearly visible that the syllabus with major not have including basic competence in accordance with computer Science. This suggests that the structure based on the syllabus does not meet the needs of learners and the final competence to be achieved. The courses in syllabus still general to develop English language learners in the field Faculty Computer of Science. It can be concluded that all the materials in RPKPS in the course BahasaInggris 1 by M.Pauzi, S.S.,M.Hum does not accordance with major in Faculty Computer of Science and still yet provide the knowledge needed by students. Thi s means that this syllabus is still made to the English general and specific yet in accordance with major needed.











CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION


From the overall analysis of the above after seeing syllabus, overall learning materials, syllabus used by students of the faculty of computer science not according to the competency courses were arranged in syllabus and yet according to major computer science. So, I think Syllabus Bahasa Inggris 1 by M.PAUZI, S.S.,M.Hum not deemed worthy enough to be used as a syllabus to be taught, because almost all the material on the syllabus of English there are still taught general and not specific to add knowledge in major computer science. So, that the learning materials are not in accordance with the learning materials needed and the learning materials made yet refers to the competence of subjects in syllabus by students of the Faculty of Computer Science in Lancang Kuning University



















REFERENCES

Suter, Christopher.September.2001 Describing and evaluating a syllabus, University of Birmingham
Azar, Schrampher Betty. 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammar. USA. Prentice Hall Regents
http://www.arinurandhika Label: Pendidikan Analisis Kesesuaian antara Silabus dan Rencana Plaksanaan Pembelajaran